![]() ![]() The origin of the most recently emerged human coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is speculated to be associated with Rhinolophus bats, but the zoonotic transmission pathway remains unknown. These events have led to the emergence of human coronaviruses (HCoVs) that are low and high pathogenic. While CoVs mainly circulate in animals, such as pigs, camels, cats, and bats, there have been at least seven documented instances where these viruses have spilled over into humans. CoV infection in animals is generally associated with gastric symptoms, such as acute diarrhea in young pigs that are infected with porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) and swine acute diarrhea syndrome coronavirus (SADS-CoV). CoVs are divided into four genera: alpha- and beta-CoVs predominantly originate in bats and infect other mammals, while gamma- and delta-CoVs originate in and largely infect avian species. Furthermore, we discuss emerging mutations within SARS-CoV-2 and variants of concern (VOC), along with highlighting the demonstrated or speculated impact of these mutations on virus transmission, pathogenicity, and neutralization by natural or vaccine-mediated immunity.Ĭoronaviruses (CoVs) can infect humans and animals to cause mild to severe disease, including death. In this review, we highlight the origins of all known HCoVs and map positively selected for mutations within HCoV proteins to discuss the evolutionary trajectory of SARS-CoV-2. While all known human coronaviruses (HCoVs) are speculated to have originated in animals, very little is known about their evolutionary history and factors that enable some CoVs to co-exist with humans as low pathogenic and endemic infections (HCoV-229E, HCoV-NL63, HCoV-OC43, HCoV-HKU1), while others, such as SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 have evolved to cause severe disease. ![]() ![]() The emergence of a novel coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), and more recently, the independent evolution of multiple SARS-CoV-2 variants has generated renewed interest in virus evolution and cross-species transmission. ![]()
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